Liquefaction-Induced Large Ground Displacements: Part 1- Mechanism and General Characteristics

Abstract

This paper deals with the nature and mechanism of liquefaction-induced large permanent ground displacements. The study is carried out by first reviewing several historical earthquakes in which permanent ground displacements induced by soil liquefaction have been documented. The information obtained is supplemented by the results of small and large scale shaking table tests, and the magnitude and pattern of ground movement are analyzed in relation to geomorphological and topographical factors. The findings indicate that liquefied ground moves from higher elevation to lower elevation suggesting the effect of gravity, while large shear distortions occur in the liquefied soil. Displacements are observed to be maximum at the top of the slope and minimum at the bottom of the slope. The patterns of lateral displacements are strongly influenced by the topography of the area. Seismic acceleration affects the permanent displacements of the liquefied soil only indirectly. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the liquefied soil undergoing large displacements behaves like liquid. Consequently, the idea can be used to predict the extent of permanent displacements of liquefied ground.